Imagine a riverbank at dusk, bathed in the golden glow of countless diyas. The air hums with ancient folk songs as thousands of devotees, standing waist-deep in the holy water, raise their hands in prayer. This is Chhath Puja, not just a festival, but a profound spiritual experience that weaves a tapestry of devotion, discipline, and gratitude to the source of all life: the Sun.

This ancient Vedic festival, celebrated with immense fervor in Bihar, Jharkhand, Eastern UP, and by communities worldwide, is a heartfelt ‘thank you’ to Surya Dev (the Sun God) and his sister, Chhathi Maiya (the Goddess of the Dawn). It’s a celebration of life, energy, and the unwavering faith that binds families and communities together.

A Four-Day Journey of Devotion

Chhath is an immersive, four-day journey that purifies the body, mind, and soul.

Day 1: Nahay Khay – Purity and Preparation

The festival begins with “Nahay Khay,” meaning “bathe and eat.” Devotees rise early, take a holy dip, often in the Ganges River, and prepare traditional vegetarian meals. This day emphasizes purification of the body and mind. They consume only one meal, typically rice, lentils, and bottle gourd (lauki), prepared in ghee without onion or garlic. This meticulous preparation sets the spiritual tone for the days ahead.

Devotees perform rituals during Nahay Khay, offering prayers at sunrise while a simple meal is prepared.

Day 2: Lohanda and Kharna – Fasting and Offerings

“Lohanda” or “Kharna” marks the second day. Devotees observe a rigorous fast for the entire day. They break this fast only after sunset, after offering prasad (offerings) to the Sun God. This offering typically includes kheer (rice pudding), puri (fried bread), and fruits. After consuming this sacred meal, they begin a 36-hour fast, abstaining from both food and water. This period of sustained fasting signifies unwavering devotion and sacrifice.

A woman performs prayers with offerings of puri, fruits, and kheer during Kharna, surrounded by her family.

Day 3: Sandhya Arghya – Honoring the Setting Sun

The third day witnesses the most significant rituals. Devotees prepare a variety of prasad, including Thekua (a traditional sweet), fruits, and other delicacies, arranged in bamboo baskets. They then proceed to a riverbank or pond at sunset. Standing in the water, they offer “Sandhya Arghya” (evening offerings) to the setting Sun God. This solemn ritual involves holding the offerings towards the sun as prayers are chanted. The sight of thousands of devotees offering reverence to the setting sun creates a truly mesmerizing and spiritual atmosphere.

Thousands of devotees offer “Sandhya Arghya” to the setting sun, holding baskets of offerings while standing in water.

Day 4: Usha Arghya – Welcoming the Rising Sun

The final day concludes the Chhath Puja festivities. Devotees return to the riverbank before sunrise, bringing their offerings. They stand in the water and offer “Usha Arghya” (morning offerings) to the rising Sun God. This ritual signifies gratitude and marks the end of the 36-hour fast. After offering prayers, they break their fast by consuming the prasad. This morning ceremony radiates hope, renewal, and the promise of a new day.

Devotees offering prayers to the rising sun during Chhath Puja, standing in a river with offerings, marking the end of the festival.

The Significance of Chhath Puja

Chhath Puja holds immense spiritual and cultural significance. Devotees observe strict rituals, including fasting, holy bathing, and offering prayers to the rising and setting sun. This rigorous discipline purifies the body and mind, fostering a deeper connection with the divine. People believe observing Chhath Puja brings good health, wealth, and longevity to family members, especially children.

Chhath Puja is more than just a festival; it is a deep spiritual experience that connects individuals with nature and the divine, fostering a sense of devotion, purity, and gratitude.